Monday, March 20, 2006
Using webpages – The Internet is not a reliable source - save the pages to a disc – for example -
– please reference properly – have more than just the URL
For example here is a random information piece
I want to give a speech on robots and the future of them. Here is the citation for one of my articles
Kanellos, Michael. (2006) Bacteria could power tiny
robots. CNET News.com online at http://news.com.com/Bacteria+could+power+tiny+robots/2100-1008_3-6050161.html
viewed Monday, March 20, 2006.
Neuage, Terrell. (2004). "Conversational
analysis of chatroom
talk",
Ph.D thesis: Online at http://neuage.org/All.htm Viewed Monday, March 20, 2006.
Persuasive Speech Organisation
1) Introduction a) attention-grabbing b) establish basic context
2) Problematize the Status Quo a) for the audience (why
should the audience want to change?)
3) Propose Course of Action a)
concrete and specific
4) Sources of Resistance
a) name and fully explain them b) attend to them; wrestle with
them; take them seriously; overcome them
5) Benefits to the Audience a)
what’s in it for them? (enlightened
self-interest)
6) Conclusion a) summary b)
dramatic/interesting
Types of Speeches Audience
Goals Persuasion and Arguments
Report
1, listening
to a news/video/ and answering questions
Berlo's Model Source - Message -Channel -
Receiver.
Before writing any speech, write a rationale for the approach you will take to persuading your audience. The primary idea is to explain what choices you have made and how every choice you have made in the speech is designed to overcome audience resistance.
1) Audience identification: Who is your audience? Identify them specifically. You can not have more than one audience, and it must be reasonably concrete.
2) Persuasive goal: What
is the status quo? What is the problem with the status quo that you want to
address? What change in your audience’s
behaviour do you want to achieve? What is your
specific proposal that deals with the specific situation?
3) Audience state
and resistance: What does your audience want in general? What do they value
in life? What makes their job/situation easy/hard? What is their stake in this
issue? Why is this situation a problem for them? What reasons do they have for
resisting your proposed change?
4) Reasoning and
evidence: What evidence and reasoning are you presenting that (a) demonstrates that there is a problem with the status
quo, (b) justifies your specific proposal to change the status quo, and (c)
specifically deals with your audience’s reasons for resisting you? Lay
out every point in the claim-grounds-warrant format (that is, for every point
you want to make, you need at least one piece of evidence and a way of linking
your evidence to your point).
5) Organisation: How is the material in the speech ordered
(e.g. strongest to weakest points, or chronologically, or
problem-solution)? How will the way
you have ordered the points in your speech overcome resistance?
6) Language: What language choices have you made
(e.g.) choice of main descriptive words, rhetorical figures) and how will they
overcome resistance?
7) Delivery: What
delivery choices have you made that will overcome resistance (e.g. what
gestures will you use, what visual aids, what kind of feeling will you deliver
the speech with)?
Logos (rational
proof)
Pg. 326 in text book Proof see http://www.Lcc.gatech.edu/gallery/rhetoric/noframes/terms/logos.html
the logical arrangement of evidence. Providing good reasons is important. Providing evidence and reasoning are a strong part of the persuasive process.
Use evidence that is specific rather than general
NOVEL EVIDENCE AND CREDIBLE SOURCES
Go beyond what your audience already knows – in the age of info overload you need to add something – capture your audience attention
Use credible sources
1. provide enough information about your source that your audience can assess its credibility ie. Dates, credentials
2. select sources your audience will see as trustworthy and fair
culture influence on reasoning
Topics considered appropriate for discussion vary across cultures. For example some groups would not favour issues such as gay rights, euthanasia or speaking about sex is not correct in some cultural settings.
Cultural groups conceptualise issues differently. In the States we tend to think of issues as problems and solutions that can be defined, proposed, testes, and eliminated or enacted; others see problems as the result of fate, evidence of a bad relationship with the deity or deities, or proof that people are out of harmony (karmic)
Norms for structuring and framing a discussion vary. Some cultural groups ground their discussions in the historical perspectives of the various participants others rely on narrative structures to frame their speeches. In the States we tend to frame debates as having a winner or loser (such as the current Presidential debates) but other cultures approach issues as an opportunity for a community of equals to cooperate in reaching consensus.
Communication styles varies.
The bias in mainstream
(p. 323) is the speaker’s
credibility Sometimes we believe something simply
because we trust the person telling us. You want to look like you know what
you're talking about.
Is the person credible?
What are your personal qualities?
WHAT IS PROOF? Proof is a reason
to believe. See http://www.Lcc.gatech.edu/gallery/rhetoric/noframes/terms/ethos.html
WHAT ARE SOME
WAYS FOR A SPEAKER TO APPEAR CREDIBLE?
the audiences should think “she really knows what she’s talking about – she has obviously done her homework. In addition, she seems to have good intentions toward me; I trust her. Thus, I believe it when she tells me that I look like an alien.”
See http://www.Lcc.gatech.edu/gallery/rhetoric/noframes/terms/pathos.html
(p. 332) the emotional appeals made by a
speaker. Sometimes we do things because of a
"gut feeling" or an appeal to our emotions, whether those of
compassion or fear. Advertisers make great headway tweaking our concerns about
what others might think about us.
WHAT ARE SOME
EMOTIONS PERSUASIVE SPEECHES APPEAL TO?
Messages
– if you care about your family you will purchase ----
Grim reaper ads do they
affect you?
Drunk driver ads do they
affect you?
BELIEFS
I.
ATTENTION
STEP (introduction)
III.
SATISFACTION
STEP (the solution)
IV.
VISUALIZATION
STEP
V.
ACTION STEP (what do you want the audience to
do)