Week 9 Tuesday preparation for persuasive speech Tuesday, October 25, 2005
Logos – Ethos
– Pathos
I. Logos (rational
proof) – recognizes that we respond to reason
Pg. 326 in text book Logos focuses first on the argument, using cool logic and rational explanation, as well as demonstrable evidence.
the logical arrangement of evidence. Providing good reasons is important. Providing evidence and reasoning are a strong part of the persuasive process.
Use evidence that is specific rather than general
NOVEL EVIDENCE AND CREDIBLE SOURCES
Evidence can include statistics, pictures and recounted experience (especially first hand).
Go beyond what your audience already knows ~ in the age of info overload you need to add something ~ capture your audience attention
Use credible sources
1. provide enough information about your source that your audience can assess its credibility ie. Dates, credentials
2. select sources your audience will see as trustworthy and fair
culture influence on reasoning
Topics
considered appropriate for discussion vary across cultures. For example some
groups would not favour issues such as gay rights,
euthanasia or speaking about sex is not correct in some cultural settings.
Cultural
groups conceptualise issues differently. In the
States we tend to think of issues as problems and solutions that can be
defined, proposed, testes, and eliminated or enacted; others see problems as
the result of fate, evidence of a bad relationship with the deity or deities,
or proof that people are out of harmony (karmic)
Norms
for structuring and framing a discussion vary. Some cultural groups ground
their discussions in the historical perspectives of the various participants
others rely on narrative structures to frame their speeches. In the States we
tend to frame debates as having a winner or loser (such as the current
Presidential debates) but other cultures approach issues as an opportunity for
a community of equals to cooperate in reaching consensus.
Communication styles varies. The bias in mainstream
(p. 323) is the speaker’s
credibility Sometimes we believe something simply
because we trust the person telling us. You want to look like you know what
you're talking about.
II. Ethos - recognizes
that we respond to the personal qualities of the speaker: their competence,
character, good will, and dynamism
Is the person credible?
What are your personal qualities?
WHAT IS PROOF? Proof is a reason
to believe. See
WHAT ARE SOME
WAYS FOR A SPEAKER TO APPEAR CREDIBLE?
- dress - appearance examples
- source credibility
- character
- reputation
- evidence
- powerful language
- inclusive language
the audiences should think “she really knows what she is talking about ~ she has obviously done her homework. In addition, she seems to have good intentions toward me; I trust her. Thus, I believe it when she tells me that I look like an alien.
III. Pathos – affirms that we can be touched by appeals to personal feelings
See http://www.Lcc.gatech.edu/gallery/rhetoric/noframes/terms/pathos.html
(p. 332) the emotional appeals made by a
speaker. Sometimes we do things because of a
"gut feeling" or an appeal to our emotions, whether those of
compassion or fear. Advertisers make great headway tweaking our concerns about
what others might think about us.
WHAT ARE SOME
EMOTIONS PERSUASIVE SPEECHES APPEAL TO?
Messages - if you care about your family you will
purchase ----
Grim reaper ads do they affect
you?
Drunk driver ads do they affect
you?
- ANGER
- FEAR - code orange
- KINDNESS
- SHAME
- PITY
- ENVY
- BELIEFS
IV. mythos
– we respond to appeals to the traditions and values of our culture and
to the legends and folktales that embody them
Video clip from South
Park