Tuesday, November 01, 2005
Outlining video
Delivery
and language for persuasive speeches
disability,
handicap, and challenge.
Examples
of positive and negative phrases
Seven
Ways of Avoiding Wordiness
FIRST
OUTLINE = PREPARATION
FORMAL
OUTLINE “WITH YOUR BIBLIOGRAPHY” due Thursday 3 november
KEYWORDS
Info-time
sequence - chronological
Climatic
builds
Give
audience a tour
Take our
pattern and put it into your outline
DIVISION
SUBPOINTS
COORDINATION
SUBPOINTS
PARALLELISM
SUBPOINTS
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
we make persuasive speeches for three reasons
Using media
to extend the five basic senses: touch, sight, sound, taste, and smell
POINTS
TO CONSIDER
Never
try to convey more than one idea on a visual medium
For
overheads need at least an 14 -point font to see in
this room
Video – no
more than two-minutes –
Models –
be sure we can see them
Poster
boards – careful that we can see what you are saying
Flip
Charts – usually used in a business meeting
Audio –
Slides –
photos – if from the Internet etc save as a .jpg file and save to a disc
Over
reliance on visual media, sometimes to the point of overkill
Too much
information crammed on a single hard-to-see visual
Wrong
type of presentational media to achieve the purpose
Make it as a complement to speech -
Powerpoint
Use
graphs and pie charts
p.220
“Building a speech”
Avoiding
euphemisms
Which of these terms do you
believe is preferable for referring to students who receive special education.
“The
handicapped” is an archaic term – it is no longer used in any
federal legislation - that evokes negative images (pity, fear, and more). The
origin of the word is from an Old English bartering game, in which the loser
was left with his “hand in his cap” and he was thought to be at a disadvantage.
“Disabled”
is not an appropriate descriptor, either. Our society corrupts the meanings of
words. Traffic reporters frequently use the term, “disabled
vehicle”. In that context, “disabled” means “broken
down”. People with disabilities
are human beings and they are not broken!
Disability has become the generally accepted term, having
replaced the word handicap in federal laws (e.g. Individuals with Disabilities Education
Act instead of the Education of all Handicapped Children's Act).
A disability is
a measurable impairment or limitation that "interferes with a person's
ability, for example, to walk, lift, hear, or learn. It may
refer to a physical, sensory, or mental condition" (Schiefelbusch
Institute, 1996).
The word handicap is not a
synonym for disability. Rather, a handicap is a disadvantage that occurs as a
result of a disability or impairment. The degree of disadvantage (or the extent
of the handicap) is often dependent on the adaptations made by both the
individual and society (Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,
2000). Therefore, the extent to which a disability handicaps an individual can
vary greatly. For instance, a person who uses a wheelchair would be much less
"handicapped" in a building that is wheelchair accessible than one
that is not.
In comparing the two
definitions, disability seems the better choice for describing a person's
condition, particularly in a usage such as "a child with a
disability," which would conform to the current trend of using
people-first language.
A
person who wears glasses does not say, “I have a problem seeing”.
She says, “I wear [or need] glasses”.
People-First
Language? Just as the
term would imply, this language trend involves putting the person first, not
the disability (e.g. a person with a disability, not a disabled person).
Thus, people-first language tells us what conditions people have, not what they
are (Schiefelbusch Institute, 1996). Other suggestions
for referring to those with disabilities include:
There are several important
aspects of presentation to keep in mind:
make sure that you have a proper posture. If your shoulders are
sagging and your legs are crossed, you will not appear as being honest.
articulation means how your talking process works. There are several
steps to this. First, you need air from the lungs. Your vocal cords must be
working. Your mouth and tongue must work together. And you have to make sure
that you have some saliva in your mouth to keep things oiled. You should be
aware of your physical makeup to be able to understand how you speak.
pronounce each word. Avoid slang, except to make a point. And do not
slur your words. Avoid saying, "you know."
pitch refers to the
highs and lows of your voice. Whatever you do, avoid a monotone.
your speed, or pace, is important to control. Between 140-160
words per minute is the normal pace. Any faster and you may appear to be
insincere. Any slower and you sound like you are lecturing. If you are not sure
about your speed, tape yourself for one minute and then replay it and count the
number of words you used in the minute! The human ear and brain can hear over
400 spoken words per minute. So, if you are going too slow
your listeners' minds are going to start to wander.
the pause is a critical tool. When you want to highlight a
certain word, just pause for one second before. If you really want to punch it,
pause before and after the word.
volume is another good tool for persuasive speech, but you should
use it with caution. If you scream all the way through your speech, people will
become used to it. On the other hand, a few well-timed shouts can liven up the
old speech! Try to "project" or throw your voice out over the entire
group - speak to the last row.
quality of voice is tested by the effect that your voice has on
your listeners. Quality of voice is its nature and traits. Try to keep your
vocal quality high; it is what separates your voice from everyone else's.
variance of voice is your most important consideration of all!
Change your pitch, volume, and speed at least once every 30 seconds, if only
for just one word. Never go more than one paragraph without a change. This
keeps your group locked into your speech, if for no other reason than it sounds
interesting! Let the words speak for themselves. Reflect their nature through
your voice. If you use the word "strangle," say it with a hint of
danger in your voice. If you say the word "heave," let the group feel
the force behind it. If you say the word "bulldozer," make it sound
like a big earthmover, not like a baby with a shovel.
When you are trying to convince
someone of something, you must sell yourself before you sell your message. If
people feel that you are not being reasonable, you do not stand a chance. You
must be committed to the goals of your speech and what you are saying. Do not
use words such as "maybe" or "might"- use positive words
such as "will" and "must."
You
are the power figure in this speech, so you had better supply enough
information to prove your points. People can usually spot someone who is trying
to "wing" a speech. You should also appear to be truthful --even when
you are really stretching a point. If you do not appear to be honest, people
will doubt your word and tune out your speech.
Lastly,
do not be afraid to show a little emotion. Your body and voice must match the
tone of your words. If your language is strong, you must present a physical
force to go along with your delivery.
Two of the most overlooked and
forgotten elements to a persuasive speech are:
A Visualization Step is a sentence
or two which helps the audience visualize what would happen if they did, or did
not, do what you are trying to persuade them to do. For example, if you are
giving a speech about blood donation, you obviously want the members of the
audience to be persuaded to give blood. The Visualization Step should cause the
audience to think about all the wonderful things that would happen if they did
give blood, or all of the terrible things that would happen if they did not
give blood. The visualization could sound something like, "Think about
your mother. brother. daughter.
niece.. What if they were in an accident and badly
needed blood for a life saving operation, but there wasn't enough donated blood
available for them to have this operation because too few people donated blood?
Donating blood could save the life of someone you care about."
In addition to a Visualization
Step, you also need a "Call-to-action" in your persuasion speech. The
easiest, yet most forgotten part of a persuasion speech, a Call-to-action is
simply telling the audience exactly what you expect them to do once you finish
your speech. It should be simple, unambiguous statement which causes the
audience to act. For example, referring back to the blood donation speech, a
Call-to-action could sound something like, "So, go to your nearest blood
bank and donate blood today."
Each of these speech elements
usually works best toward the end of the speech, just before the final closing
of the speech. They also work well when used together. Generally, getting the
audience to visualize what their life would be like if they did (or did not) do
what you want them to do, then hitting them with the
Call-to-action works very effectively.
An example of a persuasive speech driving
age
Reports 4 and 5
General Purpose:
Specific Purpose:
ATTENTION STEP
I. Opening Statement of Interest
A. Reason (s)
to Listen
B. Speaker
Credibility
C. Thesis
Statement
NEED STEP
II. Statement of Need
A.
Illustration
B.
Ramifications
1.
2.
C.
Pointing
SATISFACTION STEP
III. Statement of Solution
A. Explanation
of Solution
B. Theoretical
Demonstration
1.
2.
3.
C. Practical
Experience
D. Meeting
Objections
1.
2.
VISUALIZATION STEP
IV. Restatement of Proposed Solution
A. Negative
Visualization
B. Positive
Visualization
ACTION STEP
V. Restatement and Summary
A. Statement
of Specific Action or Attitude Change
B. A statement of your personal
intent to take the course of action or attitude recommended.
C. A concluding
statement to recapture interest Reason
to Remember
SOURCES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.